High volume exports

This section focuses on the commodities (or taxon/term/unit combinations) exported at high volumes by the EU. For the purposes of this analysis, trade volumes over 1000 units were considered as ‘high volume’. Commodities exported by the EU at volumes exceeding this threshold in 2013 are discussed below for each taxonomic group. Commodities met the ‘high volume’ criterion on the basis of direct and indirect trade combined; however direct and indirect exports are presented separately in the tables with direct exports first, followed by indirect exports.

High volume exports were recorded for 13 mammal, 16 bird, 26 reptile, nine fish, three invertebrate, 35 plant (other than timber) and six timber taxa in 2013. There was a notable increase in the number of non-timber plant taxa traded at high volumes, from 15 taxa in 2012 to 35 in 2013, mainly due to an increase in exports of seeds. The following sections provide an overview of the high volume trade by taxonomic group.

MammalsBirdsReptilesAmphibiansFishInvertebratesPlantsTimber

Thirteen mammal taxa met the high volume criterion in 2013 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 4.2). The top commodities exported directly from the EU by taxon were garments derived from the species Lynx rufus and L. canadensis (all reported without a source or purpose) and captive bred specimens of Callithrix jacchus exported for medicinal purposes. The top mammal commodities re-exported were specimens of Macaca fascicularis (sources C and F), hairs of Mustela sibirica (source W), and skins of Lycalopex griseus (source W). Notable quantities of ivory carvings of Loxodonta africana, Elephas maximus, and Elephantidae spp. were reported in 2013 compared to previous years; this trade is discussed further in Box 4.1.

Mammal species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re )exports (combined direct and indirect trade) exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

Taxon App./ Qty Term (unit) Main sources Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct exports Lynx rufus II/B 6594 garments No source reported Greece (100%)
Direct exports Callithrix jacchus* II/B 2579 specimens C Germany (>99%)
Direct exports Lynx canadensis II/B 1889 garments No source reported Greece (100%)
Direct exports Macaca fascicularis II/B 371 specimens C Germany (73%)
Direct exports Macaca mulatta II/B 218 specimens C United Kingdom (96%)
Indirect exports Macaca fascicularis II/B 53753 specimens C,F Germany (48%) [Mauritius]
Indirect exports Mustela sibirica III/D 11596 hair W France (62%) [China]
Indirect exports Loxodonta africana I/A 7412 carvings, ivory carvings O, U United Kingdom (91%) [Unknown]
Indirect exports Lycalopex griseus II/B 7277 skins W Germany (56%) [Argentina]
Indirect exports Lynx canadensis* II/B 4610 skins W Greece (59%) [Canada]
Indirect exports Lynx rufus II/B 3170 skins W Greece (69%)
Indirect exports Lynx rufus II/B 3170 skins W [United States]
Indirect exports Pecari tajacu II/B 2781 skins W Italy (96%) [Peru]
Indirect exports Elephas maximus I/A 2735 carvings O, U United Kingdom (92%) [Unknown]
Indirect exports Lontra canadensis* II/B 2708 skins W Italy (56%) [Canada]
Indirect exports Lontra canadensis* II/B 2230 tails W Greece (100%) [Canada]
Indirect exports Elephantidae spp.* I/A 1426 carvings (kg) O Belgium (100%) [Unknown]
Indirect exports Chlorocebus aethiops* II/B 1456 specimens W Italy (92.45%) [Barbados]
Indirect exports Macaca mulatta II/B 1348 specimens C Germany (89%) [China]
Indirect exports Elephantidae spp.* I/A 1009 carvings, ivory carvings O United Kingdom (60%) [Unknown]
Indirect exports Callithrix jacchus* II/B 267 specimens C Germany (100%)
Indirect exports Callithrix jacchus* II/B 267 specimens C [South Africa]
EU-reported (re-)exports of elephant ivory carvings

A total of 11 156 carvings (terms ‘carvings’ and ‘ivory carvings’) of Loxodonta africana, Elephas maximus, and Elephantidae spp. (combined) were re-exported by the EU in 2013 (Figure 4.2.). This represent a 28% increase over the quantities reported re-exported in 2012 (8711 carvings). Of these, 2 444 carvings (22%; representing 47 export transactions) were reported in sets of 52 and are therefore likely to be pianos (with the quantity representing numbers of keys). Nearly all trade in 2013 was reported as either pre-Convention (source ‘O’; 66% of carvings) or source unknown (source ‘U; 33% of carvings). Aside from two shipments of 52 carvings each likely to be pianos, only three carvings were recorded as wild-sourced.

The number of pre-Convention carvings decreased from 8703 in 2012 to 7351 carvings in 2013 (4877 of Loxodonta africana, 1612 of Elephas maximas and 862 carvings of Elephantidae spp.). However, while only one elephant carving was reported as source unknown in 2012, in 2013, this increased to 3690 carvings (of which 2420 were reported as Loxodonta africana, 1123 as Elephas maximas and 147 as Elephantidae spp.).

All re-exports of carvings in 2013 were reported as Annex A, with 95% reported as re-exports from an unknown origin country. The majority (80%) of trade was for commercial purposes. The United Kingdom accounted for 88% of exports in 2012; the top trading partners were China (40%) and the United States of America (31%).

 

EU-reported (re-)exports of elephant carvings, by taxa, 2009-2013.

In addition to the trade in carvings recorded in number of items, the (re-)export of 1479 kg of carvings was also recorded, the vast majority of which (>99%) was pre-Convention; 96% of carvings re-exported by weight were exported by Belgium to Japan as Elephantidae spp.

Fifteen bird species and one hybrid met the high volume criterion in 2013 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 4.3). Commodities meeting this threshold were primarily direct commercial exports of live, captive-bred birds; all of which were direct exports.  The top commodities in trade by quantity were medicine and feathers (kg) of Cairina moschata, live Agapornis fischeri and live A. personatus.

Bird species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re )exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. *Indicates taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

[i]Taxon[/i] App./Annex Qty Term (unit) Main source Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct [i]Cairina moschata[/i] III/C 2931405 medicine** C France (100%)
Direct [i]Cairina moschata[/i] III/C 43650 feathers (kg) C France (100%)
Direct [i]Agapornis fischeri[/i] II/B 34568 live C Netherlands (59%)
Direct [i]Agapornis personatus[/i] II/B 25710 live C Belgium (49%)
Direct [i]Platycercus eximius[/i] II/B 12410 live C Czech Republic (41%)
Direct [i]Psephotus haematonotus[/i] II/B 12278 live C Belgium (50%)
Direct [i]Gallus sonneratii[/i] II/B 11313 feathers C United Kingdom (>99%)
Direct [i]Platycercus elegans[/i] II/B 5734 live C Czech Republic (40%)
Direct [i]Lonchura oryzivora[/i] II/B 5661 live C Czech Republic (42%)
Direct [i]Cyanoramphus auriceps[/i] II/B 4100 live C Czech Republic (51%)
Direct [i]Bolborhynchus lineola[/i] II/B 2458 live C Belgium (79%)
Direct [i]Cairina moschata[/i] III/C 1533 garments C France (100%)
Direct [i]Neopsephotus bourkii[/i] II/B 1514 live C Belgium (49%)
Direct [i]Forpus coelestis*[/i] II/B 1460 live C Belgium (64%)
Direct [i]Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae[/i] I/A 1370 live C Czech Republic (71%)
Direct [i]Neophema pulchella[/i] II/B 1347 live C Belgium (39%)
Direct [i]Falco rusticolus*[/i] I/A 1326 live C United Kingdom (63%)
Direct [i]Falco[/i] hybrid I/A 1315 live C Spain (61%)
Indirect [i]Psephotus haematonotus[/i] II/B 276 live C Spain (63%) [Netherlands]
Indirect [i]Platycercus eximius[/i] II/B 236 live C Spain (73%) [Czech Republic]
Indirect [i]Falco[/i] hybrid I/A 224 live C Belgium (79%) [Germany]
Indirect [i]Platycercus elegans[/i] II/B 189 live C Spain (61%) [Belgium]
Indirect [i]Forpus coelestis*[/i] II/B 164 live C Belgium (91%) [Netherlands]
Indirect [i]Gallus sonneratii[/i] II/B 131 feathers C Denmark (100%) [United Kingdom]
Indirect [i]Falco rusticolus[/i] I/A 66 live C Denmark (36%) [Germany]
Indirect [i]Agapornis personatus[/i] II/B 46 live C Belgium (100%) [Netherlands]
Indirect [i]Lonchura oryzivora[/i] II/B 17 live C Belgium (100%) [Switzerland]
Indirect [i]Neopsephotus bourkii[/i] II/B 14 live C Spain (57%) [Belgium]
Indirect [i]Cyanoramphus auriceps[/i] II/B 12 live F Spain (100%) [Czech Republic]
Indirect [i]Agapornis fischeri[/i] II/B 4 live C Belgium (100%) [Switzerland]
Indirect [i]Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae[/i] I/A 2 live C Belgium (100%) [Netherlands]

Twenty-six reptile taxa met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination in 2013 (Table 4.4). Direct exports from the EU were primarily live, captive-bred specimens traded for commercial purposes (26 273 exported). Chamaeleo calyptratus accounted for 36% of direct exports of live reptiles in 2013, with Testudo hermanni also representing a notable proportion of these exports (31%). The principal importers of live reptiles (re-)exported by the EU were Hong Kong, SAR (30%) and the United States (28%).

Re-exports of taxa that met the high volume threshold primarily comprised skins or skin pieces.  Alligator mississippiensis was the main species (re-)exported and accounted for 27% of skins and 90% of re-exports of skin pieces. The principal importers of A. mississippiensis skins and skin pieces were Switzerland (51%) and Tunisia (45%) respectively, while the main EU re-exporters were Italy (49%) and France (99%), respectively.

RReptile species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re )exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

[i]Taxon[/i] App./Annex Qty Term (unit) Main sources Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct [i]Chamaeleo calyptratus[/i] II/B 9595 live C Czech Republic (99%)
Direct [i]Testudo hermanni[/i] II/A 8310 live C Slovenia (85%)
Direct [i]Geochelone sulcata[/i] II/B 1806 live C Slovenia (97%)
Direct [i]Testudo marginata*[/i] II/A 1806 live C Slovenia (83%)
Direct [i]Python bivittatus[/i] II/B 1142 live C Czech Republic (87%)
Direct [i]Python regius[/i] II/B 548 live C Germany (50%)
Indirect [i]Alligator mississippiensis[/i] II/B 695724 skin pieces W France (99%) [United States]
Indirect [i]Daboia russelii[/i] III/C 112636 derivatives F Germany (100%) [United States]
Indirect [i]Alligator mississippiensis[/i] II/B 92886 skins W Italy (49%) [United States]
Indirect [i]Ptyas mucosus[/i] II/B 54886 skins W Italy (96.3%) [Malaysia]
Indirect [i]Python reticulatus[/i] II/B 45785 skins C,W Spain (69%) [Indonesia]
Indirect [i]Caiman crocodilus fuscus[/i] II/B 36858 skins C Spain (64%) [Colombia]
Indirect [i]Varanus niloticus[/i] II/B 31021 skin pieces W France (81%) [Chad]
Indirect [i]Python bivittatus[/i] II/B 21241 skins C Italy (98%) [Viet Nam]
Indirect [i]Varanus salvator[/i] II/B 19023 skins W Italy (80%) [Indonesia]
Indirect [i]Caiman crocodilus fuscus[/i] II/B 16973 skin pieces C Italy (59.14%) [Colombia]
Indirect [i]Daboia russelii[/i] III/C 15210 specimens F Italy (100%) [United States]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus niloticus[/i] II/B 12612 skins C France (60%) [Zimbabwe]
Indirect [i]Python brongersmai[/i] II/B 11384 skins C,W Italy (54%) [Lao PDR]
Indirect [i]Varanus niloticus[/i] II/B 8683 skins W France (65%) [Mali]
Indirect [i]Tupinambis merianae[/i] II/B 8571 skins W Italy (93%) [Argentina]
Indirect [i]Python reticulatus[/i] II/B 7989 skin pieces C Italy (57%) [Viet Nam]
Indirect [i]Varanus salvator[/i] II/B 7172 skin pieces W Italy (97%) [Indonesia]
Indirect [i]Xenochrophis piscator*[/i] III/C 5105 skins O Germany (100%) ]Unknown]
Indirect [i]Caiman crocodilus[/i] II/B 4262 skins W Italy (>99%) [Bolivia]
Indirect [i]Caiman crocodilus[/i] II/B 4196 skin pieces W Italy (>99%) [Bolivia]
Indirect [i]Alligator mississippiensis[/i] II/B 3952 skin pieces (kg) W Italy (100%) [United States]
Indirect [i]Cerberus rynchops[/i] III/C 3814 skins W Italy (100%) [Indonesia]
Indirect [i]Iguana iguana*[/i] II/B 3704 skins O Germany (100%) [Unknown]
Indirect [i]Caiman crocodilus crocodilus[/i] II/B 3506 skin pieces W Italy (100%) [Venezuela]
Indirect [i]Tupinambis rufescens[/i] II/B 3369 skins W Italy (89%) [Argentina]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus porosus[/i] II/B 3297 skins C,R France (67%) [Australia]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus niloticus[/i] II/B 3242 meat (kg) C Belgium (86%) [Zimbabwe]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus siamensis[/i] I/A 2833 skins D France (88%) [Thailand]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus niloticus[/i] II/B 2405 skin pieces C Italy (83%) [Zimbabwe]
Indirect [i]Tupinambis rufescens[/i] II/B 2393 skin pieces W Italy (99%) [Argentina]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus siamensis[/i] I/A 2323 leather products (small) D Italy (62%) [Thailand]
Indirect [i]Python bivittatus[/i] II/B 2268 skin pieces C Italy (73%) [Viet Nam]
Indirect [i]Geochelone sulcata[/i] II/B 1943 live C Germany (99%) [Italy]
Indirect [i]Crocodylus acutus[/i] I/A 1656 leather products (small) D Italy (100%) [Colombia]
Indirect [i]Python regius[/i] II/B 1250 live R Netherlands (80%) [Togo]
Indirect [i]Caiman crocodilus yacare*[/i] II/B 1230 tails W Spain (100%) [Bolivia]
Indirect [i]Testudo hermanni[/i] II/A 946 live C Hungary (74%) [Serbia]
Indirect [i]Chamaeleo calyptratus[/i] II/B 638 live C Germany (60%) [Czech Republic]
Indirect [i]Python bivittatus[/i] II/B 198 live C Czech Republic (81%) [Slovakia]
Indirect [i]Testudo marginata*[/i] II/A 79 live C Germany (100%) [Turkey]

No individual species exceeded the 1000 unit threshold; the principal species exported were Dendrobates tinctorius (508 live animals; 25%) and Ambystoma mexicanum (360 live animals; 18%), of which the majority were captive-bred and exported for commercial purposes. The majority (94%) of live amphibian exports from the EU were direct; the top EU exporter was the Netherlands (58%), while the principal importer was Japan (44%).

Five fish species and three hybrids (all sturgeon) met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 4.5).  Virtually all high volume direct exports involved sturgeon commodities from captive sources, exported for commercial purposes; live eggs were the top commodities exported by quantity (1.8 million live eggs exported), while meat was the top reported term by weight. In total, 37 690 kg of caviar was (re-)exported in 2013; the vast majority was either directly exported (30 571 kg; 81%) or represented a re-export that originated in another EU Member State (3211 kg; 8.5%). The main countries of (re-)export were Italy (37%), France (30%) and Germany (24%). Caviar was primarily imported by the United States (25%), Japan (17%) and the Russian Federation (10%). Acipenser baerii was the top species exported as caviar, representing 37% of the trade in this commodity. A. baerii was also the top species exported as live eggs, representing 97% of trade in this commodity; most of which were direct exports from France to China (72%; 1.2 million live eggs).

Fish species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re )exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. There were no new taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

Taxon App./ Annex Qty Term (unit) Main sources Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 1670000 eggs (live) C France (76%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 119780 live (kg) C Estonia (58%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 107913 bodies (kg) C France (95%)
Direct Acipenser transmontanus II/B 68931 meat (kg) C Italy (100%)
Direct Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 65036 meat (kg) C Italy (50%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 54126 meat (kg) C Germany (48%)
Direct Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 50000 eggs (live) C France (100%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 21400 live C France (90%)
Direct Acipenser baerii x naccarii II/B 20404 meat (kg) C Italy (100%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 20000 fingerlings C France (100%)
Direct Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 14435 live (kg) C France (>99%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 12212 caviar (kg) C France (59%)
Direct Acipenser transmontanus II/B 9844 caviar (kg) C Italy (94%)
Direct Acipenser ruthenus II/B 7500 eggs (live) C Hungary (93%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 7350 bodies C France (100%)
Direct Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 7216 live C France (87%)
Direct Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 5000 fingerlings C Hungary (100%)
Direct Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 4962 caviar (kg) C Italy (40%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 2141 extract C France (94%)
Direct Acipenser hybrid II/B 1993 meat (kg) C Germany (100%)
Direct Acipenser hybrid II/B 1569 caviar (kg) C Germany (100%)
Direct Huso huso II/B 1450 meat (kg) C Bulgaria (100%)
Direct Huso huso II/B 11256 bodies (kg) C France (100%)
Direct Acipenseridae hybrid II/B 1100 meat (kg) C Bulgaria (100%)
Direct Acipenser baerii II/B 905 extract (kg) C France (100%)
Direct Huso dauricus x Acipenser schrenckii II/B 17 caviar (kg) not specified Latvia (100%)
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 23000 fingerlings C Hungary (100%) [Germany]
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 14431 extract C Netherlands (>99%) [France]
Indirect Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 10510 live C Romania (100%) [Hungary]
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 10000 live (kg) C Lithuania (100%) [Poland]
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 6852 meat (kg) C Germany (100%) [Russian Federation]
Indirect Acipenser transmontanus II/B 6013 meat (kg) C Germany (100%) [Russian Federation]
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 1640 caviar (kg) C France (41%) [Italy]
Indirect Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 1598 caviar (kg) C France (79%) [Bulgaria]
Indirect Huso dauricus x Acipenser schrenckii II/B 1173 caviar (kg) C France (79%) [China]
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 984 extract (kg) C France (84%) [Italy]
Indirect Acipenser transmontanus II/B 961 caviar (kg) F, C France (99%) [United States]
Indirect Acipenser gueldenstaedtii II/B 239 caviar C Denmark (100%) [Italy]
Indirect Acipenser hybrid II/B 218 caviar (kg) C Germany (100%) [China]
Indirect Acipenser baerii II/B 22 caviar C Denmark (100%) [Italy]

Three invertebrate taxa met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination in 2013 (Table 4.6). Hirudo medicinalis accounted for 71% of exports of live invertebrates reported by number, all of which were captive-bred and exported directly from the EU for commercial purposes; the top EU exporter of this species was France (86%), while the principal importer was the United States (80%).

Invertebrate species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-) exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. All trade was in live individuals. There were no new taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

Taxon App./ Annex Qty Main sources Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct Hirudo medicinalis II/B 155390 C France (86%)
Direct Hirudo verbana II/B 21975 C Germany (86%)
Direct Tridacna maxima II/B 16557 W France (100%)
Indirect Hirudo verbana II/B 21230 W Germany (100%) [Turkey]
Indirect Tridacna maxima II/B 53 F United Kingdom (57%) [Micronesia]

Thirty-five plant taxa met the high volume criterion in 2013 (Table 4.7). This is an increase compared to the 15 taxa that met the criterion in 2012, primarily due to an increase in the number of taxa meeting the criterion based on exports of seeds. Taxa directly exported at high volumes in 2013 primarily comprised Appendix I cacti exported as artificially propagated seeds for commercial purposes; the majority were direct exports from Malta to either Japan (43%) or China (29%). Wild-sourced Galanthus (Galanthus elwesii and Galanthus woronowii combined) accounted for 97.9% of live plant re-exports from the EU in 2013. Re-exports of Galanthus elwesii alone accounted for 76.4%, all of which originated in Turkey and were re-exported via the Netherlands; the principal trading partner was Japan (81%).

Non-timber plant species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

Taxon App./ Annex Qty Term (unit) Main sources Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct [i]Rhipsalis[/i] spp.* II/B 10000 live not specified Denmark (100%)
Direct [i]Strombocactus disciformis*[/i] I/A 5520 seeds D Malta (>99%)
Direct [i]Paphiopedilum[/i] spp. I/A 5061 live A Belgium (56%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus[/i] I/A 4180 seeds D Malta (>99%)
Direct [i]Paphiopedilum hybrid[/i] I/A 3638 live A Netherlands (83%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus beguinii[/i] I/A 3400 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Obregonia denegrii*[/i] I/A 3300 seeds A Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus subterraneus*[/i] I/A 3300 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus saueri[/i] I/A 2860 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus booleanus*[/i] I/A 2850 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Escobaria minima*[/i] I/A 2400 seeds A,D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Ariocarpus agavoides*[/i] I/A 2300 seeds D,A Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus viereckii*[/i] I/A 2300 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus alonsoi[/i] I/A 2200 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus[/i] spp.* I/A 1980 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Uebelmannia pectinifera*[/i] I/A 1770 seeds D Malta (99.4%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus jauernigii*[/i] I/A 1650 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus valdezianus*[/i] I/A 1650 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus lophophoroides*[/i] I/A 1450 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus*[/i] I/A 1230 seeds A Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Coryphantha werdermannii*[/i] I/A 1200 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Discocactus placentiformis*[/i] I/A 1200 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Pelecyphora strobiliformis*[/i] I/A 1200 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Aloe bakeri*[/i] I/A 1129 live not specified Denmark (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus hoferi[/i] I/A 1100 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus*[/i] I/A 1100 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Turbinicarpus swobodae*[/i] I/A 1100 seeds D Malta (100%)
Direct [i]Ariocarpus bravoanus*[/i] I/A 1050 seeds D Malta (100%)
Indirect [i]Galanthus elwesii[/i] II/B 1145880 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]
Indirect [i]Galanthus woronowii[/i] II/B 325084 live W Netherlands (99%) [Turkey]
Indirect [i]Euphorbia antisyphilitica[/i] II/B 149511 wax (kg) W Germany (89%) [Mexico]
Indirect [i]Aloe ferox[/i] II/B 48045 extract (kg) W Germany (55%) [South Africa]
Indirect [i]Aloe ferox[/i] II/B 11577 medicine W Italy (100%) [South Africa]
Indirect [i]Euphorbia antisyphilitica[/i] II/B 7649 extract (kg) W France (98%) [Mexico]
Indirect [i]Cyclamen cilicium*[/i] II/B 4475 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]
Indirect [i]Cyclamen coum[/i] II/B 4150 live W Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]
Indirect [i]Euphorbia antisyphilitica[/i] II/B 4032 extract W Italy (100%) [Mexico]
Indirect [i]Cyathea spp[/i].* II/B 2000 dried plants W Germany (100%) [Indonesia]
Indirect [i]Aloe ferox[/i] II/B 1000 extract W Germany (100%) [South Africa]

Six individual timber species met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination in 2013 (Table 4.8); all of the trade originated from outside the EU and nearly all of this trade was wild-sourced. The parts and derivatives meeting this criterion were veneer, extract, oil and derivatives. Pericopsis elata accounted for 57% of the trade in veneer reported as m2, and all of the trade in veneer reported as m3, all of which originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The main importer was the United States of America for m2 (76%) and m3 (100%).

Timber species/term/unit combinations for which EU-reported (re )exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume criterion in 2012.

[i]Taxon[/i] App./Annex Qty Term (unit) Main sources Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin]
[i]Pericopsis elata[/i] II/B 14638 veneer (m2) W Germany (86%) [DR Congo]
[i]Aquilaria malaccensis*[/i] II/B 14585 derivatives W France (100%) [Malaysia]
[i]Bulnesia sarmientoi[/i] II/B 12200 oil (kg) W Netherlands (69%) [Paraguay]
[i]Bulnesia sarmientoi[/i] II/B 12012 extract (kg) W Germany (82%) [Paraguay]
[i]Swietenia macrophylla[/i] II/B 9017 veneer (m2) W Germany (100%) [Mexico]
[i]Pericopsis elata[/i] II/B 4678 veneer (m3) W Portugal (>99%) [DR Congo]
[i]Prunus africana[/i] II/B 3829 extract (kg) W Spain (84%) [Cameroon]
[i]Dalbergia nigra*[/i] I/A 1971 veneer (m2) O Spain (100%) [Unknown]

Candidate countries exported 13 species at volumes exceeding 1000 units in 2013 (Table 4.10), all trade being for commercial purposes.

Species/term/unit combinations for which candidate countries’ reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2013, presented in descending order by quantity. *Indicates species which did not meet the high volume threshold in 2012.

Taxon App./Annex Qty Term (unit) Main sources Main (re-)exporter (%) [Main origin, if applicable]
Direct Galanthus elwesii II/B 8083500 live W Turkey (100%)
Direct Galanthus woronowii II/B 4572750 live W Turkey (100%)
Direct Cyclamen coum II/B 661765 live W Turkey (100%)
Direct Balaenoptera physalus* I/A 600000 meat (kg) W Iceland (100%)
Direct Cyclamen cilicium II/B 88800 live W Turkey (100%)
Direct Testudo hermanni II/A 22667 live C FYR Macedonia (84%)
Direct Testudo graeca II/A 12551 live C Turkey (96%)
Direct Balaenoptera acutorostrata* I/A 5000 meat (kg) W Iceland (100%)
Direct Anguilla anguilla* II/B 4500 fins W Turkey (100%)
Direct Hirudo verbana II/B 4200 live W Turkey (100%)
Indirect Galanthus woronowii II/B 17972332 live W Turkey (100%) [Georgia]
Indirect Python reticulatus II/B 7669 skins W Turkey (100%) [Indonesia]
Indirect Arctocephalus pusillus* II/B 7054 skins W Turkey (100%) [Namibia]
Indirect Lycalopex griseus II/B 3000 skins W Turkey (100%) [Chile, Argentina]

High volume direct exports from candidate countries primarily comprised wild-sourced trade in plants (Table 4.9) and wild sourced whale meat; all of the latter were exported from Iceland to Japan for commercial purposes. Direct exports of live, captive bred tortoises were also traded at notable levels for commercial purposes; the top importers were the United Kingdom (37%), Germany (25%) and France (18%).

Wild-sourced direct exports reported by candidate countries in 2013. Trade for scientific purposes (purpose ‘S’) is excluded.

Taxon App./Annex Exporter Importer Qty Term (unit) Purpose
Mammals [i]Ammotragus lervia[/i] II/B FYR Macedonia Italy 1 trophy P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Czech Republic 1 trophy P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia France 1 trophy P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Georgia 1 trophy P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Hungary 3 trophies P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Italy 2 trophies P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Netherlands 1 trophy P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Poland 1 trophy P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Russian Federation 4 trophies P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia Spain 2 trophies P
Mammals [i]Canis lupus[/i] II/A FYR Macedonia United States 6 trophies P
Fish [i]Anguilla anguilla[/i] II/B Turkey Republic of Korea 4500 fins T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Bulgaria 8 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey France 250 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Germany 150 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Korea, D.P.R. 13 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Lithuania 2 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Republic of Korea 13 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Switzerland 3 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey United Kingdom 60 live (kg) T
Invertebrates [i]Hirudo verbana[/i] II/B Turkey Uzbekistan 12 live (kg) T
Plants [i]Galanthus elwesii[/i] II/B Turkey Netherlands 5166150 live T
Plants [i]Galanthus woronowii[/i] II/B Turkey Netherlands 3243150 live T
Plants [i]Cyclamen cilicium[/i] II/B Turkey Netherlands 44400 live T
Plants [i]Cyclamen coum[/i] II/B Turkey Netherlands 401540 live T